There seems to be at least two evolutionary processes that, at best, are tangentially referred to.  They are so simple as to often feel irrelevant.  I’m wondering how many more of these processes are floating around out there, unremarked.

One process is the back-and-forth dance between homogeneity and heterogeneity.  Over time barriers are built.  Life on the two sides of the barrier unfolds uniquely.  With time, the barrier comes down and there is a proliferation of the new as what was formerly separate builds unique hybrids.  Eventually, a new homogeneity sets in.  Then new barriers are built.

This paradigm is integral to explanations of natural selection.  Populations have to segregate to form varieties and species.  With each new species, the larger system transforms.  The dance of homogeneity and heterogeneity compels an almost infinite variety as it unfolds on many scales and at many locations over time.

The process of homogeneity and heterogeneity compels new forms upon separation and new forms upon combination.  Each new form compels the emergence of its complementary opposite, a process that operates, hypothetically, at all scales of existence.  Socially, the separation of nations encourages unique cultures.  Barriers come down and unique hybrids are encouraged.  Personally, the…

If changing the rates and timing of human maturation results in more or less self awareness or degrees of split consciousness when cerebral hemispheres and corpus callosums adjust to varying levels of testosterone and estrogen, then might there be a macro, universe version of this process?

Okay, this is WAY out there regarding an exploration of hypothetical biological processes and their possible application to universal processes.  Nevertheless, there is a website that explores the possible ramifications of evolutionary developmental biological theory as regards the ontogeny of our universe.  These folks posit that if you can apply the theory of natural selection to how the universe acquired its characteristics, then you can do the same thing with complementary theories of evolution that suggest that the environment can influence evolution in a single generation.

What I’m playing with here is the suggestion that each of us exhibits split consciousness, which is enhanced by having two cerebral hemispheres that are not the same size with a corpus callosum small enough that it inhibits communication between the two hemispheres.  I’m presupposing that consciousness already exists, consciousness evidenced by primary process, defined as awareness of only one time, one place and no…

There seems to be a connection between physics and an understanding of how split consciousness emerges from consciousness in human ontogeny.  I don’t know the connection between a physicist’s insights regarding the relativity of time and the invention of the atomic bomb.  Still, if my conjectures are correct regarding the rate and timing of maturation (testosterone managing the rate and estrogen the timing), then we have in our hands a possible understanding of how split consciousness originates.

I presuppose that consciousness exists.  Consciousness is a feature of the universe and existence (and nonexistence).  Humans evidence split consciousness when, during early development and maturation, maturation is managed by changes in rate and timing.  If, indeed, we can observe testosterone and estrogen directly affecting maturation, then we are in the position to observe the emergence of split consciousness under varying ontological circumstances.

It is possible that we can control, adjust and modify self awareness.  That which we have identified as peculiarly human, that which makes us special and unique, may be understandable and manageable.

Without the presupposition that consciousness is a feature of the system, the emergence of split consciousness is instead the emergence of consciousness.  This suggests an existential crisis second…

Over the last year, I’ve experienced an integration of society and biology as I’ve observed the dynamic whereby neoteny and acceleration influence biological and societal evolution in identical ways.  Barriers between several disciplines have come down as I’ve seen heterochronic dynamics merge formerly separate models, interpreting endocrinological, neuropsychological, anthropological, evolutionary biological and psychological processes as a single, seamless whole.

I am not particularly smart.  I’m a slow learner and have trouble with anything involving mathematics.  I’m technologically impaired, though I have some facility with certain pieces of design software.  I do have a relatively unique relationship with my unconscious, not uncommon among artists and mystics, but perhaps unusual in someone exploring biological and social models.  I often feel like I’m being led on a treasure hunt, guided by an impish, loving unconscious.

I’m having that feeling now.

Last night, I kept waking up with an idea that seems to want to be integrated into the biological/social model that I’ve been calling “The Theory of Waves.”  The recent addition to the model, estrogen controlling the timing of ontogeny, has been compelling me to turn my attention to physics.

Somehow, a part of me is convinced that physicist’s insights regarding the relative…

I’m still trying to grasp the concept that testosterone and estrogen and their associated hormones are together managing ontological, social and biological evolution by adjusting to changes in the environment by moderating the rate and timing of ontogeny.

We always knew that sex governed our lives.  There is now the possibility that we can understand how exactly this is done.

In both sexes, entering puberty is characterized by a surge in testosterone that, among other things, halts most synaptic growth.  If fat levels are not high enough, puberty is delayed.  Certain levels of estrogen are required for testosterone surges to occur.

Over ten years ago I hypothesized that a mother’s uterine testosterone levels would influence the likelihood of her child exhibiting autism.  I estimated that the rate of maturation would be determined by the amount of testosterone.  A mother with high testosterone would feature maturationally delayed sons and maturationally accelerated daughters, both vulnerable to autism.

This last season I’ve been applying the pattern of how estrogen controls the timing of testosterone surges at puberty to early childhood when testosterone surges prune the right hemispheres of most normal right-handed individuals.  Might estrogen levels in these infants, toddlers and children be determining…

“The existence of mammary ridges on the embryo concording with ancient synapsids suggests that those ancient animals also had nutrient-supplying ridges on their bodies for which there is no paleontological evidence.  On the human embryo, the mammary ridges gradually coalesce and finally resolve into discrete nipples on day 58.  This event concords almost exactly with the lowermost Triassic, where the fossils of Cynognathus are found.  Discrete mammary glands and a fused secondary palate in the embryo coincide with a fused secondary palate in the fossil record.”  (Swan, Lawrence W. (1990) The concordance of ontogeny with phylogeny.  Bioscience 40: 380)

Because male humans differentiate from the foundation female at six weeks after conception, might this reflect an ancient emergence of testosterone after estrogen?  Might the Pre-Cambrian explosion have had something to do with there being no testosterone to call an end to the party?

…

“No one, least of all Williams and Kafatos, expect the eventual story to be so simple.  But it does seem likely that normal development is controlled by gradually decreasing concentration of a hormone acting primarily at high levels of the regulatory system.  This is also an ideal mechanism for the simple and rapid production of heterochronic…

It seems too elegant to be true, but I’ve become enamored of the possibility.

Heterochronic theory, the study of the effects of rate and timing on maturation and development, takes the work of several late nineteenth century and early twentieth century theorists and packages that work into a sort of seamless whole. Stephen J. Gould in his Ontogeny and Phylogeny went far, codifying the various theorists’ predilections so that they made an overriding sense. I say “sort of” seamless whole because the actual endocrinological underpinnings of the dynamics were never explored.

Neoteny is the best known of the six heterochronic processes. Neoteny is the process whereby features of infants, embryos or the very young are, over the course of generations, prolonged to emerge in the adults of descendants. Acceleration is the opposite, whereby features of adult ancestors appear in the infants of descendants. For example, let’s say great great grandfather had a baritone voice, emerging at puberty. His son’s deeper voice may emerge just before puberty and his great grandson might have an unusually hoarse voice as a child. That would be an acceleration of a feature. These things normally take hundreds and thousands of generations, though they can be…

Perhaps a particular product representing manifestations of one or more technologies could be regarded as an individual in a model that explores how heterochronic theory may apply to technological evolution.  There are far more ideas than there are actual products that are conceived when their design process begins in earnest.  An idea would be the equivalent of an egg or sperm.  As the idea becomes refined enough to begin the step-by-step procedures that involve development, we might say the idea has been conceived and is growing embryonically.  Upon production, and the introduction of the new technology or technological variation, the idea is born.

No matter how many of the products are manufactured and distributed, reproduction would not be said to occur until one of the many ideas suggested by the product begins the process of new product development.

That would be the life of an individual.  The death of a product, according to Kevin Kelly, is often greatly exaggerated.  Once produced, a product tends to linger though its production may fall off dramatically.

A technological species might be equivalent to an automobile.  A related species might be motorcycles.  Propeller airplanes more distant yet.  Propeller-driven wind turbines start to cross over…

Watching Technology, Entertainment, Design Lectures (TED Lectures) just now, I took in a couple of Kevin Kelly presentations.  Then I visited his blog.

Kelly is writing a book and inviting feedback from visitors for his emerging ideas.  I remember a similar process engaged in by Orson Scott Card for a book he was writing ten years ago or so.  Card was writing fiction.  The end result was disappointing.  Kelly is exploring the nature and ramifications of technology.  I expect the results will be profound.

In one of the TED Lectures of Kelly discussing the ideas he’s playing with as he writes his book, he describes technology as a seventh earth biota emerging from human machinations.  While looking at Kelly’s blog, it hit me that the principles I work with might apply to technology.

I left the following message on Kelly’s blog…

“I study the effects of neoteny and acceleration on human evolution and societal transformation.  This was called heterochronic theory over 100 years ago.  It is a biological evolutionary principle popularized for a time by Stephen Gould in his 1977 book, Ontogeny and Phylogeny.

Heterochronic theory traces the effects of changes in the rate and timing of maturation.  These effects…

OK, let’s take the garden hose analogy a little further.  B = brain, CC = corpus callosum.  (See yesterday’s entry for what’s going on here.)

Fat Hose with Small Nozzle        Big B/Little CC     late puberty         Schizo Paranoid
Fat Hose with Fat Nozzle            Big B/Big CC        late puberty         Autism
Small Hose with Small Nozzle    Little B/Little CC  early puberty       Normal
Small Hose with Fat Nozzle        Little B/Big CC     early puberty       Schizo Depressed

Here puberty further exaggerates a tendency to exhibit a nonuseful condition.  A question is to what degree gender influences this paradigm.  In schizophrenia, males often contract the disorder several years before a female does.  It’s not as if a woman’s brain grows smaller over the intervening time, but her brain continues to grow while a male’s brain does not.  Why would a larger brain increase the likelihood of a female contracting the disorder but not increase the likelihood of a male contracting the disorder?

I seem to vaguely remember that manic depression in females is often accompanied by early puberty.

In my autism hypothesis based on a heterochronic interpretation of recent human evolution, males and…

I’ve been reading a paper by Bernard Crespi, Psychosis and Autism as Diametrical Disorders of the Social Brain.  Crespi places ASD, or autistic trending conditions, at one end of a continuum opposite schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression at the other end.  One of the features of the theory is that the autistic display little theory of mind, but the schizophrenic show an enhanced theory of mind and easily estimate that others are thinking things they aren’t.

It looks to me like he’s sometimes cherry picking his supporting studies to congregate patterns around an elegant hypothesis.  I must admit I do the same myself.  Suggesting that this wide range of conditions can be cooked down to a single etiological dynamic is not likely.  It is likely, for example, that autism is actually several conditions.  When I go to the dentist with pain, it might be an abscess, a cavity or a bruise.  The dentist doesn’t call all three tooth pain.  He discovers the cause and names the pain based on what he concludes caused the pain.  Someday autism will have several names.

In the meantime, Crespi explores genetic hypotheses for explanations that might explain the patterns that he sees.  I study…

My laptop is down.  It sits at the left side of my desk.  At the right side of my desk is the older unit I used until three years ago.  That is where I sit until Bob arrives and figures out what’s wrong.  When that’s fixed, I’ll have access to all current projects and I’ll be able to start my day.

Just now, sitting in my chair three feet to the left of its usual location, leaned back in the chair with my head cocked to the side, I was startled into noticing a particularly powerful combination of visual elements outside the window of the office.  The way that the oak tree, banister, stop sign, distant foliage and apartment building across the street arranged themselves was a uniquely powerful congregation of composition, color, contrast and depth.  When I untilted my head, the arrangement was still there, but I’d never noticed it before.  All it took was an unexpected adjustment in my viewing angle from an unusual position behind my desk to recognize beauty that had always been there.

It’s all about the frame.  The window “frames” the world to allow a particular point of view.  A framed painting cues the…

OK.  Several possible estrogen-related connections have emerged in the last few days.

First, if estrogen is a trigger in teenaged girls for entering puberty, thus beginning the testosterone surges that freeze brain growth, and it is also true for males (a stretch) that estrogen levels trigger pubertal timing, might this also apply to male and female infant/toddler testosterone-surge synapse pruning that results in asymmetric cerebral lateralization?  If so, might infant/toddler estrogen levels be instrumental in causing autism, low estrogen resulting in delayed growth?

Second, noting the seeming connection between estrogen’s focus on the young and the exhibition of maternal behavior along with estrogen’s focus on very specific features in a mate (thus driving the emergence of unique male species traits), is it true that species that engage in female sexual selection are also species where the mother exhibits maternal behavior?  An implication is that K vs. r strategies might compel female choice and changes in the exhibition of male behaviors.

Third, might it be the case that estrogen, predating testosterone, is somehow responsible for early proliferation of life on earth insofar as estrogen is associated with creation, discrimination and focus on the young?

In the old religions, there is a…

Consider that those female children with low estrogen levels as they cross over into their teens may find themselves experiencing delayed puberty.  This may manifest delayed testosterone surges pruning cerebral synapses, resulting in more cerebral synapses and larger brains.  What exactly might be the relationship between low estrogen, low enough to delay puberty (particularly with girls), and increased encephalization?

With girls, estrogen levels that are too low will delay the first estrous cycle or stop it if already underway.  Introducing a high-fat diet to a girl nearing puberty can add on fat that sparks the transition to adulthood.

With girls, high fat encourages puberty.  It would seem that Western high-fat diets might be responsible for the drop in puberty by four years over the last 100 years.

A question arises.  Is the same dynamic engaged for boys?  Do thin boys introduced to high-fat diets also experience a push into puberty?

This dynamic suggests a number of questions.

To what degree have high and low-fat diets influenced human evolution?  If low fat delays puberty and results in more brain growth, might this be because more synapses are useful for finding more fat?

When there is more fat in diets and puberty…

Marian Annett and others have concluded that those anomalous dominant individuals with two cerebral hemispheres the same size often exhibit astonishing intelligence and creativity.  Michael Fitzgerald’s Autism and Creativity describes the kind of intelligence that sometimes accompanies these people.  The males of the group are often very maturational delayed.

Individuals severely traumatized in early childhood are often maturational delayed.  It’s as if large parts of them are unable to easily progress in a natural fashion.  Resources are tied to the trauma at the maturational stage they were in when the trauma occurred.  Therapy can unclench the individual from that stage.  Resources released, they can continue to grow.

Is it possible that early trauma can impact an individual to reproduce a neurological environment similar to that experienced by those naturally maturational delayed?  If so, can early trauma result in the exhibition of both the symptoms and the occasional remarkable intelligence and creativity exhibited by those individuals?

Those with Asperger’s, autism and other conditions exhibiting maturational delay, such as stuttering and phonetic dyslexia, often have unique brains, a predictable cluster of personality characteristics and behaviors featuring OCD, perfect pitch and other features.  Are there situations involving trauma where children without this familial…

“No one, least of all Williams and Kafatos, expect the eventual story to be so simple. But it does seem likely that normal development is controlled by gradually decreasing concentration of a hormone acting primarily at high levels of the regulatory system. This is also an ideal mechanism for the simple and rapid production of heterochronic effects. Any acceleration of adult characters by reduction in the titer of juvenile hormone, or extension of juvenile traits by maintenance of a high titer, represents heterochrony. Since minor alterations in the concentration of a hormone can lead to substantial changes in morphology, heterochrony may play an important role in geographic variation (secretion of juvenile hormone is influenced by temperature and photoperiod, for example), polymorphism (including sex, caste, and phase) and speciation itself.” (Gould, S.J. (1977) Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge: Belknap Press, pp. 295-6)

A premise of this work, this theory I’m calling the Theory of Waves, is that testosterone is instrumental in changing rates of maturation, leading to neoteny and acceleration. I’ve been eating and breathing this assumption for so long I forget that it is little discussed in the biological literature, let alone in neuropsychological or anthropological discussions. Gould above alludes to…

First, some excerpts….

“But why does recapitulation occur?  Since he rejected the single developmental tendency of Naturphilosophie, Agassiz could not propose the easy explanation of his teacher Oken.  As Darwin’s most implacable opponent, he could seek no aid from transmutationists’ doctrines.  To Agassiz, the threefold parallelism reflected the unity of God’s plan for His creation.  It was also a fact of observation.  What more need a Cuvierian empiricist say? “The leading thought which runs through the succession of all organized being in past ages is manifested again in new combinations, in the phases of the development of the living representatives of those different types.  It exhibits everywhere the working of the same creative Mind, through all times, and upon the whole surface of the globe” (1857, p. 115) Agassiz invoked his God specifically to forestall any evolutionary reading of recapitulation: ….  Yet, Agassiz’s view contained an argument that no evolutionist could resist interpreting.  If the fossil record is only a temporal display of the same divine plan that animals reflect in their own ontogeny, then the geologic component of Agassiz’s threefold parallelism merely extends the scope of recapitulation and the generality of benevolent design.  But if fossils record an actual…

“Lastly it is clear that stress reduces testosterone levels in men (Kreuz et al., 1972).  And Leedy and Wilson (1985) concluded that male hormone levels may be affected by the stressors of routine military flight.  So the reportedly low sex ratios of children born to men in stressful occupations e.g. aircraft pilots (Goerres and Gerbert, 1976; Synder, 1961) and abalone divers (Lyster, 1982) may have hormonal—perhaps androgenic—determinates.” (James, W. H. (1986) Hormonal control of the sex ratio.  Journal of Theoretical Biology 118: 435)

When females are stressed, their testosterone levels go up (Geschwind and Galaburda, 1987).  When males are stressed, their testosterone levels go down.  High fat diets raise female testosterone levels and lower the testosterone levels of males.

What other environmental variables influence men and women in opposite directions?

I am hypothesizing that a mother’s testosterone and estrogen levels propel her sons and daughters in opposite yet complementary maturation rate and evolutionary directions.  Not incidentally, several environmental variables also push the hormones of males and females in opposite directions.  If this pattern continues to unfold, two things are suggested.

First, though there have been no studies conducted that seek to observe whether changes in a male’s hormone levels over…

Ten years ago, I was exploring the possible origin of human culture in tribal societies driven by rhythmic dance and music. Tribal societies are on rare occasions characterized by paternal anonymity, or children who are unaware of the identity of their biological father. Observing that human brain size began to diminish about 25,000 years ago, I hypothesized that this reflected an emerging patrifocal emphasis on speech instead of gesture and a movement away from a selection for big-brained males. If this was the case, I suspected that there might be remnants of the old matrifocal paradigm that still exist within contemporary society. In the neurological literature, I sought humans with unusually large brains, difficulty with language, but who were also ambidextrous or left-handed. I came to find that autistic individuals commonly display these features; in addition, I discovered that individuals with autism are often obsessed with pattern replication and have perfect pitch (Brenton, Devries, Barton, Minnich & Sokol, 2008).

It appeared that hidden beneath the just-so story was a theory, which, if brought to light, could help make useful predictions and illuminate unrecognized relationships. From the beginning, the theory drew information from three different disciplines: anthropology, evolutionary biology…

Imagine social structure, matrifocal and patrifocal, as representing left and right or past and future in a distribution of humans inclined toward egalitarian or hierarchical organization, our matrifocal past leading to our patrifocal present.

Consider human males exhibiting neoteny or maturational delay contrasted to females showing acceleration or maturational acceleration as pairing together neotenous, cooperative males with maturational-accelerated, commanding females.  We would hypothesize this to be a matrifocal society.  Now, consider the reverse, with neotenous females mating with accelerated, dominating males in a patrifocal society.  Heterochrony is the evolutionary biological principle that explores the influence of neoteny and acceleration on the evolution of species.

Last, note in neuropsychological studies of handedness and cerebral dominance in humans that there is a seamless arc of handedness tendencies beginning at the left end with strong left-handers bridging over to the right side with strong right-handers.  Most people are toward the center, many being right-handed but displaying some left-handed aspects.

An overlapping of all three of these academic traditions suggests a single process manifesting in three seemingly different areas.  Anthropological social structure exploring matristic vs. patristic frames, evolutionary biological neoteny/acceleration studies following the influence of changing maturation rates on physiologies and neurologies over time…

“The diversity of human skills and the improbability that any one individual could be good at everything makes it reasonable to suggest that different genotypes, for different patterns of CD [cerebral dominance], are associated with various strengths and weaknesses that complement and balance one another in the population as a whole.” (Annett, Handedness and Brain Asymmetry, p. 186)

Thirty years ago in Guatemala, a student of Marian Annett, W. J. Demarest, evaluated Mayan and Ladino (mixed Spanish and Indian) children to see if their handedness distributions were similar to Annett’s UK studies.  Annett hypothesized that the way that the British are cerebrally organized would carry over to humans across the planet based upon the fairly consistent manifestations of left-handedness that are observed.

The conclusion of the Guatemalan study suggested that the Mayan children did not exhibit the same distribution of handedness, implying a different distribution of cerebral lateralization.  The Mayan children drifted further to the left, emphasizing that they might be less lateralized for language.  The thesis of this website would argue that the Mayans exhibit a more matrifocal social structure than Western societies, the left drift in handedness appraisals suggesting an older genotype.

In another study, indigenous Americans located…

Some of the least complex toys are the most powerful.  In the 1950s, my parents seemed amused that Slinkys and Hula Hoops had captured my sisters’ and my attention.  These toys were so simple.  Nevertheless, they were compelling.  Some of the simplest metaphors or processes can suggest or reproduce seemingly complex relationships.

Seeking to understand human evolution by focusing on individual adaptability to circumstance offers some unique and useful perspectives.  Exploring human evolution by examining humans in society can in ways simplify the play of transformation.  Raising the scale, shifting to society from individual, can simplify our understanding of the process.

Marian Annett’s explorations of the brain changes that compelled a shift to speech revealed a “balanced polymorphism,” or seamless arch of human features from those humans with little speech facility to others cerebrally lateralized so intensely for speech that they are handicapped in communication.  Those in the middle, she suggested, had a heterozygote advantage by retaining some of the useful pre-speech strengths in combination with speech proclivities.  Speech facility demands that the right hemisphere be pruned of some of its potential growth and subtlety in combination with a brain bridge reduced in size.  Odd that a reduction in hemispheric…

I am a web developer by profession, trained in fine arts.  My specialty in web design is creating websites and website features that enhance communication, eliminate barriers to cooperation, empowering individuals to accomplish social and political-change goals.  I work with more than 1,000 organizations across the United States, teaching leaders of organizations how to use these new tools to break down barriers to change.

I also run a firm that serves over 400 businesses by building, maintaining and marketing their websites.  Trained in the art of online organizing by Moveon, I advanced to the position of volunteer national coordinator.  There I learned firsthand how to combine a focused, goal-based business frame of reference with a deep desire to encourage societal transformation.

My background is fine arts.  As an artist, I specialize in brush and ink.  The way that I have exercised my art also involves the breaking down of barriers.  First, I seek to let go of conscious control of subject and process and allow my unconscious to determine the path and content of my productions.  Second, the content itself, when successful, creates bridges between separated concepts, connections between not-obviously-related ideas.

I am not suggesting this qualifies me to be…

Consider that human evolution unfolds in a fashion not dissimilar to the way an accordion player produces melody and harmony while inflating and deflating his instrument over time.  The accordion player may observe his audience and modify cadence or change the tune depending on whether folks are dancing, how fast they’re dancing or whether they are paying attention at all.  The instrumentalist’s environment informs the tune he plays and how he plays it.

Human communities are composed of many types of folks.  Not just the individuals in communities are molded by evolutionary processes, but the communities themselves behave like selected targets with those communities that exhibit a variety of useful features that encourage a thriving population surviving and procreating.  This has been called a balanced polymorphism.  A wide variety of human types can contribute to a healthy, balanced polymorphism and a healthy community.

For example, in contemporary society, we observe the artists, caregivers and athletes performing and serving while exhibiting strengths peculiar to their particular neurology, psychology and physical proclivities.  Politicians and business people do what they do best, stoking the economy and growing opportunities.  Aesthetics and usefulness combine to create a satisfying social experience and a balanced society.

It…

I’ve talked about the effect of sunlight on the pineal gland changing testosterone levels of immigrants from equatorial regions. Equatorial people with established, normal, daily 30% fluctuations in testosterone move to northern climates and experience fluctuations that last for months, thus compelling radical changes in a mother’s uterine testosterone levels. Unusually high or low mother’s uterine testosterone levels can cause unusually high or low testosterone levels in her children, translating into exaggerated maturational delay and acceleration (depending on the season of conception) that can contribute to autism.

In previous pieces, I’ve noted these effects on Jewish and American Black populations, with a skewing of populations toward the extremes of maturational delay and acceleration evidenced by a number of diseases and disorders characterized by these hormonal extremes. I would predict that both these populations would evidence higher percentages of autism and left-handedness, perhaps higher in places like Milwaukee and Minnesota than Houston and Miami. In just the way the Somalis in Minneapolis and St. Paul are exhibiting higher rates of autism, I would suggest that this Somali population would exhibit higher rates of left-handedness.

Another population influenced by these processes are the Latino immigrants from South and Central America. Studies could…